• Following seven years of research, approval of this Purdue-developed technique as a standard by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials is an initial step toward the method becoming an established practice.
• Beta testing of the method is underway in 11 states and counting across the Midwest, South and West.
• Widespread adoption of this method will depend on results from further testing by states, incorporation of the method as a standard into state specifications, and willingness of contractors to use it.

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ Committee on Materials and Pavements (AASHTO COMP) has approved the Purdue-developed method as a new national standard. AASHTO membership is comprised of the departments of transportation (DOT) of all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The creation of this standard, published Wednesday (July 31), puts the method on a path for states and contractors to consider looking into it as a new practice.

Embedded directly into fresh concrete, the Purdue invention uses sensor technology to provide engineers with relatively precise and consistent real-time data on concrete’s strength, which may be comparable or even surpass the accuracy of several current tools and methods.

For highways and bridges, less uncertainty associated with determining when concrete pavement is strong enough to handle heavy truck traffic can potentially allow newly repaired road sections to open sooner, which could save money spent on those repairs and increase convenience for the traveling public.

In the long term, a more precise determination of strength gain of the concrete over time can also help pavements last longer by not loading them too soon and inducing early damage or fatigue, affecting durability.

Opening roads sooner to traffic after construction and improving their condition could also result in financial savings for the commerce sector by reducing delays for the transportation of goods and services and leading to less wear and tear of long-haul freight trucks.

“The majority of our infrastructure was built in the 1950s and 1960s. At that time, the population in the U.S. was only half of the current population,” said Luna Lu, Purdue’s Reilly Professor in the Lyles School of Civil Engineering, who invented the sensor technology. “This means that all this infrastructure was not built and designed for the volume of traffic, the frequency of use and the amount of people we have today. We have to think of a better way to communicate with our infrastructure.” 

Working with states on a promising new idea

Concrete pavement makes up less than 2% of U.S. roads but approximately 20% of the U.S. interstate system, which supports much of the nation’s traffic.

As part of a Federal Highway Administration pooled-fund study, Purdue researchers and Wavelogix, a startup Lu founded in 2021, have been testing the invention as a commercial beta product in these states: Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, North Dakota, Missouri, Tennessee, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado, Utah and California. Rui He, a PhD student in Purdue’s Lyles School of Civil and Construction Engineering, has led the team’s work in completing more than 20 tests over the past year, installing the sensors into highways, bridge decks and retaining walls.

Initial results from testing in these states indicate that the sensor technology is potentially more accurate and consistent than some of the existing concrete strength tests which are considered to be “state-of-the-practice.” The Purdue-Wavelogix team also has plans to test in other states. However, creating awareness of this new AASHTO standard is a crucial step toward DOTs officially adopting this method into their state construction and materials testing specifications.

As awareness grows, more state DOTs will likely experiment with the new method to validate and attain their own experience and expertise. If during this process state DOTs conclude this new method is viable, they will gradually implement its use through specifications for construction project contracts. Whether the new AASHTO standard gains traction in the field leading to widespread acceptance will not likely be known for several years to come as innovation and change generally happen gradually in the construction industry.

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT), which has funded the sensor technology since the beginning of its development, proposed the method as a standard to AASHTO COMP’s technical subcommittee on hardened concrete last summer, as the Purdue invention was starting to become a commercial product.

“There have been wins all along in the lab and with the technology,” said Mike Nelson, a concrete engineer in INDOT’s Division of Materials and Tests, who has worked with Lu and her team throughout the entire process of establishing this technology as a new concrete strength test.

This process has included a handful of tests in several Indiana highways and bridges to develop the model that Wavelogix launched to market in December as a commercial product called the REBEL concrete strength sensing system. Wavelogix licenses the technology from the Purdue Innovates Office of Technology Commercialization, which has applied for patent protection on the intellectual property.

INDOT is currently conducting its own verification tests of the REBEL product and has added this technique to its Indiana Test Methods Index, which will allow the technology to be used in Indiana once it is validated by field trials and pilot projects.

“The implications of this technology are staggering because everybody who pours concrete — it doesn’t matter whether you’re building a skyscraper or a road — what you want to know is the strength of the concrete so you can move on with construction. There’s nothing anywhere else in the world that can determine concrete strength in place like this does,” Nelson said.

Daniel Tobias, a member of AASHTO COMP’s technical subcommittee on hardened concrete and the engineer of concrete, soils and metals for the Illinois Department of Transportation, also saw the value of this method and assisted with the drafting of the standard based on INDOT’s proposal. In November, DOT representatives in the subcommittee and the parent Committee on Materials and Pavements voted to advance this standard to publication.

“The committee agreed that the idea and the research had worth based upon the introduction of the work from Indiana and its sponsors, and so we decided to try to move it forward,” Tobias said. “If we can get a reasonably good estimate of concrete strength quickly, that gives us a faster answer about when we can open the road or the bridge to traffic. We’re always looking for new ways to do that. This was a novel application that was developed from scratch that nobody had seen before.”

Challenging the status quo in concrete strength testing

Lu and her lab started developing this technology in 2017, when INDOT requested help in more accurately determining when pavement is ready to be opened to traffic.

The most common method that the industry has used for decades calls for testing large samples or “cylinders” of hardened concrete at a lab or on-site facility. Using that data, engineers estimate the strength level that a particular concrete mix will achieve after being poured and left to cure at a construction site. Although these tests are well understood by the industry, discrepancies between lab and outdoor conditions can result in inaccurate strength estimates due to the different cement compositions, the temperature of the surrounding area and other factors.

Another less frequently used method for determining strength is known as the maturity concept, which uses a recently established time and temperature history of a particular concrete to develop a maturity-strength curve. Measurement of the heat given off over time during the chemical reaction of cement with water provides a reasonable estimate of strength gain over time, but this method is very specific to a particular mix used at a particular time and place.

“You might think that it’s super straightforward to measure the strength of concrete, but it’s not as exact of a science as you might think it is,” Tobias said. 

With the technology Lu and her team invented, engineers no longer have to rely on concrete sample cylinders or the maturity concept to estimate when fresh concrete has cured enough. Instead, they can more directly monitor the fresh concrete and accurately measure its strength and temperature.

Construction workers install the sensors by securing them to reinforcement or placing them on the subgrade, a layer of soil that provides the foundation for paving concrete. After pouring the concrete, they plug each sensor cable extending from the concrete’s formwork into a reusable handheld device that automatically starts logging data. Using the app, workers can receive information on real-time growth in the concrete strength for as long as the strength data is required.

“Every time I’ve handed a sensor to a contractor, the only question they’ve asked me is ‘When will this be available?’ The value added to the industry is so apparent to the people who would be using this technology on a day-to-day basis,” Lu said.

Lu’s lab invented this sensor technology based on its discovery that vibrations in concrete could be used to detect rigidity and other mechanical properties that convey the concrete’s strength. This technology uses electrical energy to excite the sensors, which vibrates the concrete, and then converts the mechanical energy of these vibrations back to electrical energy. The sensors measure the change in the frequencies of the vibrations of the concrete over time and correlate this change to concrete strength gain.

A mathematical model that Lu’s lab developed to describe this physical phenomenon and later create the software for the REBEL product was awarded the Alfred Noble Prize from the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2022. “This was an indication from the scientific perspective that people see this as a very important discovery,” Lu said.

The technology has received numerous other accolades over the course of its development. In April the REBEL product was recognized as a gold winner of an Edison Award in the category of Critical Human Infrastructure. The innovation has appeared on Time’s Best Inventions of 2023 list and Fast Company’s Next Big Things in Tech for 2022, and it was named a “Gamechanger” on the American Society of Civil Engineers’ 2021 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure.

The process of turning this invention into a commercial product has also been supported by multiple awards from the National Science Foundation. Wavelogix recently received a $3 million investment from Rhapsody Venture Partners and has secured support from a group of angel investors.

Lu is optimistic about the technology’s future and the benefits it will bring to concrete infrastructure throughout the U.S.

“What has me really excited is getting the industry’s feedback and seeing a matching of the technology to a problem,” Lu said. “Invention is when you develop something, but when this something solves a bigger problem, that is innovation.”

About Purdue University

Purdue University is a public research institution demonstrating excellence at scale. Ranked among top 10 public universities and with two colleges in the top four in the United States, Purdue discovers and disseminates knowledge with a quality and at a scale second to none. More than 105,000 students study at Purdue across modalities and locations, including nearly 50,000 in person on the West Lafayette campus. Committed to affordability and accessibility, Purdue’s main campus has frozen tuition 13 years in a row. See how Purdue never stops in the persistent pursuit of the next giant leap — including its first comprehensive urban campus in Indianapolis, the Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. School of Business, Purdue Computes and the One Health initiative — at https://www.purdue.edu/president/strategic-initiatives.

Papers

Evaluation the compressive strength of the cement paste blended with supplementary cementitious materials using a piezoelectric-based sensor

Construction and Building Materials
DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.165

Instantaneous monitoring the early age properties of cementitious materials using PZT-based electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique

Construction and Building Materials

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.164

Novel methodology on direct extraction of the strength information from cementitious materials using piezo-sensor based electromechanical impedance (EMI) method

Construction and Building Materials

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119848

Embeddable piezoelectric sensors for strength gain monitoring of cementitious materials: the influence of coating materials

Engineered Science

DOI: 10.30919/es8d1114

Mechanism for using piezoelectric sensor to monitor strength gain process of cementitious materials with the temperature effect

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

DOI: 10.1177/1045389X20974441

Improved method to determine Young’s modulus for concrete cylinder using electromechanical spectrum: principle and validation

Journal of Aerospace Engineering

DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001196

Trial field implementation of piezoelectric sensing technique for in-place concrete evaluation

Materials Journal

DOI: 10.14359/51726998